MARKING SCHEMES AND TESTS: FORMS AND FUNCTION OF THE ENGLISH CLAUSE

FORMS AND FUCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH CLAUSE TESTS AND MARKING SCHEMES

EBS 282: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH CLAUSE

TIME: 1hr

Instructions: Answer ALL the questions in Section A and B on the question paper.

Provide appropriate answers in the spaces provided where applicable.

NAME………………………………………………INDEX NUMBER…………………………...

SECTION A

Identify the clause type highlighted in the sentences below.

Though Anita is rich, she is very humble and respect.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Eating in-between meals is not good for our health.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The man whose wife won a scholarship has been sacked from work.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Tracy received the love letter that Fiifi wrote a fortnight ago.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

We must help the poor if possible.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Identify the function of the highlighted clause in each of the sentences below.

What we witnessed last night at the roadside was an eyesore.

The lecturer whose period we used for the assignment is angry today.

This is where the quarrel started.

The truth was that women were stronger than men in the ancient times.

10. We believed what the children told us today.

SECTION B

With two examples each, illustrate the following clause types.

11. Verb clause

12. Non-restrictive relative clause

13. Bare infinitive

14. That nominal clause15. Adverbial clause of time

SECTION C

Essay Answer one question from this part

1. (a) With appropriate examples, distinguish between finite and non-finite clauses.

(b) With appropriate illustrations, discuss the forms and functions of non-finite clauses.

2. The verbless clause is considered a clause although it has no verbal element in its structure. With

appropriate illustrations, discuss the concept of verbless clauses in the grammar of English.

3. With appropriate examples and illustrations, examine the That-nominal clause in the grammar of English.

SAMPLE ESSAY TYPE QUESTION WITH ANSWER

QUESTION

WITH RELEVANT EXAMPLES, DISCUSS THE

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE AND ITS TYPES

It is imperative to note that the clause is one of the major units or ranks in the

grammatical analysis in every language such as the English language. It is obvious

therefore that one cannot moot any scholarly discussion of a particular type of

clause without giving the background of the clause as a unit. The grammar of

every language is made up of a set of units. The set of units under reference is what

is known in grammar as ranks. As the name aptly suggests, the ranks are in levels

depending on the position they occupy on the scale. The unit or rank that realizes

the largest grammatical meaning in the language is the clause. There are so many

types of clauses in the grammar of the English language which are classified

mainly by their structure and the functions they perform. As students of English

and teachers in the making for that matter, it is necessary for us to know the types

of clauses and the grammatical functions that each of them performs. It is against

this background that I resolve to discuss the adverbial clause as a component of the

clause grammatical rank scale. This paper is aimed at discussing the following

about the adverbial clause: What the adverbial clause is, the form it takes, the

functions it performs and finally what actually goes into a clause that is

classified under adverbial type.

What is an adverbial clause and how is it realized in the English language? In the

English Language, adverbial clauses are defined by their structure and function.

All adverbial clauses are finite clauses because the main verb in them is always a

finite verb. In terms of function, the adverbial clause in all its variety always

modifies the main verb in the main clause of a complex sentence. For instance, in

the underlined portion in the sentence, wherever you send me I will go, is a good

example of a complex sentence because it is made up of a main or independent

clause and a subordinate or dependent clause.

We note that the main clause: I will go; and the verb. “go” in the main clause is

modified by the underlined portion of the sentence. Note also that wherever you

send me which is an example of adverbial clause of place is introduced by the

conjunction “wherever” This implies that apart from the finite clause structure, the

next most important feature of the adverbial clause is the conjunction which

introduces the clause.

In the first example, “you send me” we noticed that it is a finite clause structure

because the main verb which is “send” has a subject “you” which is marking tense

to reflect the present tense of the verb and finally the verb “send” is maintaining

concord with the subject “you”. .In the final analysis, it is observed that the

introduction of the conjunction “wherever” at the beginning of the clause is

responsible for its classification as an adverbial clause of place.

The following are examples of types of adverbial clauses with their distinctive

classifications in the English language based on the type of conjunction that

introduces the finite clause structure in the complex sentence. Adverbial clause of

time which is one of the types is introduced by conjunctions such as, when,

whenever, after, before, as soon as, since, now that, ever since, long after, until

and others. For example, whenever you send me, I will go. We note that the

underlined portion of the clause above is an adverbial clause of time because it is

introduced by the conjunction “whenever”. It is also classified as an adverbial

clause because it has a finite verb “send” that modifies the verb “go” in the main

clause. Other examples of adverbial clauses indicating time include,

1. Until you change your behaviour, he will not be serious with you

2. I had talked to him before I left

3. Wait there while I eat.

4. I came as soon as I heard you called

Another type of adverbial clause is the one that tells reason. It is called

adverbial clause of reason. It provides the reason for an action and answers

the question “why” The adverbial clause of reason is introduced by

conjunctions such as , because, since, now that, seeing that, in view of ,

considering, owing to the fact that. Examples of adverbial clause of

reason are indicated below,

1. Now that we have him, our survival is certain.

2. I am not perturbed because I am not guilty.

3. Since she has refused to be pervious to common sense, we will pump

some level of sense of decency into her leaking head

@bpafeku4God&countryAll the underlined portions of the sentences above denote adverbial clause of

reason mainly because of the type of conjunctions that introduce them.

Another type is the adverbial clause of concession. This type provides

information that contrasts with the information in the main clause. The

adverbial clause is introduced by subordinators or conjunctions such as,

although and though. Some examples of adverbial clauses of concession

include the following

1. Although the student is a known academic germ, she appears modest.

2. Though the party leadership knows nothing, they project themselves

publicly as cornucopia of wisdom

3. Mr. Nuku is a good administrator though he is deficient in human

relations

All the underlined sections are examples of adverbial clause of concession.

One other type of adverbial clause is the one that gives information about

expected result of an action. It simply means, doing something in order to

achieve something. This type is called adverbial clause of purpose. The

conjunctions that introduce this type are, in order to, so as to, in order

that.

Example

1. We have to arrive at a concrete decision so as to fight our right.

2. I have decided to break all the barriers of retreat so that the sky becomes

my starting point.

The underlined portions are adverbial clauses of purpose and they modify

the verbal group in the main clause.

Another example of an adverbial clause is the one that indicates the actual

result that one gets after one has performed an action. They are

introduced by conjunctions such as “so” and “so that” Examples of

adverbial clause of result are seen below

1. I have to go early so that I can finish the work in time.

2. I have passed my college examination so I can pursue law in Legon

@bpafeku4God&countryThe adverbial clauses in the sentences above modify the verbal group, “have

to go” and “have passed” respectively. The verbs in them “can finish” and

“can pursue” are finite hence they are adverbial clauses.

Adverbial clause of place is another and it answers the question “where”

It is generally introduced by “where and wherever” as indicated in the

earlier page. Examples include,

1. The boy killed the snake where he saw it.

2. Wherever it is planted the seed will germinate

3. We parted company where the incident occurred

On a note of conclusion therefore, we can say that adverbial clauses are

defined by their structure and function. Structurally, all adverbial clauses

are finite clauses because their verbs are finite and they modify the verb or

verbal group in the main clause in a complex sentence structure. Again their

analysis in terms of their functions which classify them into types is

determined by the type of conjunction that introduces them. The adverbial

clause performs a variety of functions depending on the subordinator that

introduces it. The adverbial clause can tell time, show place, give reason,

show concession, indicate purpose, and many more. We can say therefore

that because of its unique role in the grammar of the English language,

knowledge of adverbial clauses is key to every scholar especially those that

are trained to teach the future generation.

NOTE TO STUDENTS

In view of the semester requirement of the essay component of the English

paper, I believe this material will serve as a worthy portrait which will guide

students to know the actual thing that the paper requires of them. I therefore

hope that everybody will read it and use it as a guide in answering questions

MARKING SCHEME

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